Duplicating machine



May 12, 1959 Filed Oct. 15, I956 F. s'; BADGETT DUPLICATING MACHINE 2Sheets-Sheet 1 INVEN TOR. FEEDER/Ck 5. 54 06577 BY Jim DUPLICATINGMACHINE Frederick S. Badgett, Boron, Calif. Application October 15,1956, Serial No. 615,788 11 Claims. (Cl. 33-23) This invention relatesto machines or devices for duplicating or reproducing pictures, charts,maps, diagrams, etc. to a different scale than an original, and has forits primary object to provide a reproducing machine that is not onlyinexpensive to manufacture, but is efficient in operation and of suchsimple construction as to greatly facilitate set-up.

Another object of the invention is to provide a duplicating machine thatcan be quickly set to provide a desired size ratio between an originalpicture and a picture to be reproduced therefrom, the machine havingbasis on proportional triangles that join at their apices, in which onebase side is fixed and the other base side movable in a plane in whichthe first base side resides, and in which, due to changes in sizeresulting from such movement but not in proportion of the two othersides of each triangle, the common apex of the two triangles movesproportionally to any point of the movable base side.

A further object of the invention is to provide a duplicating machine,as above indicated, in which the proportional adjustment of the machineis guided by a triangular configuration or perspective triangle, thesame being disposed in the mentioned plane of movement.

A further object of the invention is to provide a ratio reproducer basedon the proportional triangles above indicated and in which elastic andself-adjusting means is provided for retaining the device in operativecondition under control of an operator.

The invention also has for its objects to provide such means that arepositive in operation, convenient in use, easily installed in a workingposition and easily disconnected therefrom, economical of manufacture,relatively simple, and of general superiority and serviceability.

The invention also comprises novel details of construction and novelcombinations and arrangements of parts, which will more fully appear inthe course of the follow ing description. However, the drawings merelyshow, and the following description merely describes, preferredembodiments of the present invention, which are given by way ofillustration or example only.

In the drawings, like reference characters designate similar parts inthe several views.

Fig. 1 is a top plan view of a duplicating machine em bodying thefeatures of the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a side view thereof in the position of the parts as in Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the principles of the presentinvention.

Fig. 4 is a similar diagrammatic view showing. an alternativearrangement in which tracing and reproducing areas are more readily keptfrom overlapping.

Fig. 5 is still another diagrammatic view, the same more clearly showingthe method employed for produc ing a desired ratio between tracing andreproducing areas.

Reference is first made to the diagram shown in Fig. 3, in which arectangular plane is provided with a perspective triangle 11, and inwhich are shown propornited States Patent 0 tional triangles 12 and 13,one having a. base leg 14 disposed on an edge of plane 10 and on whichone apex 15 of triangle 11 resides, the other having a base leg 16, andthe two triangles 12 and 13 meeting on a common apex 17 opposite totheir respective base legs 14 and 16.

In addition to apex 15, the perspective triangle 11 has its two otherapices 1.8 and 19 coincidental with the corners of the plane 10 that areopposite to plane edge 14. Said triangle 11 may be uniformly dividedbetween its apex 15 and its base 20 by a series of lines 21, 22, 23, 24and 25, for instance, and by a series of lines 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30that extend between apex 15 and uniformly spaced points along said base20.

In the case of plane 10 being a square, as shown, line 23 will be halfas long as base 20 and each of the parallel dividing lines 21, 22, 24and 25 will be proportional to said base according to their respectivelocations. Thus, line 21 is five-sixths of base 20, line 22 istwo-thirds of said base, line 24 isv one-third, and line 25 isone-sixth. Consequently, each part of each of said lines that isintercepted between the lines 2630 is proportional according to theforegoing ratios.

If it is assumed that the base leg 16 of triangle 13 is coincident withthe base 20 of the perspective triangle 11, then it will be obvious thatthe two triangles 12 and 13 will be isosceles and that their common apex17 will fall on a point 31 which is the intersection of divider lines 23and 28. It will also be obvious that triangles 12 and 13 are equal.

By moving the base leg 16 along the line 20, the middle point 32 of saidline 16 will be moved a distance that is twice the distance that apex 17is moved. This is. clearly demonstrated because line 23 is half as longas base 20 and points 32 and 17 fall on the side 33a of perspectivetriangle 11 when the triangles 12 and 13 are moved to the full-lineposition shown. This ratio of movement is further demonstrated by movingthe triangles 12 and 13- to the respective dash-line positions 12a and13a in which case the middle point 32 falls at 32a and the apex point,17 falls at 17a. It will be noted that points 32a and 17a both fall ondivider line 30. in two-to-one ratio, as before. By inspectingdotted-line triangles 12b and 13b and the points 32b and 17b, theproportional movement will again be demonstrated.

When triangles 12 and 13 were in their initial position with base leg16' coincidental with base 20, the leg 33 of triangle 12. was equal tothe leg 34 of triangle 13, and the leg 35 of triangle 12 was equal toleg 36 of triangle 13. It will be noted that this proportion ismaintained during all movements, as above. Whether lengthening orshortening, legs 33 and 34 are always equal, as are legs 35 and 36.Hence, triangles 12 and 13 remain proportional irrespective of thevariations of movement of said triangles.

By inspecting the pattern defined by points 32, 32a and 32b, andcomparing, it with the pattern defined by points 17, 17a and 17b, it.becomes readily apparent that the movement of point 17 is one-half thatof point 32 or, for that matter, any point along line 16, providing saidline is retained parallel to side 14.

It will be seen, however, that there may be overlap between the patternsof pointsv 32 and 17 since point 32 may, at times, be moved to aposition nearer side 14 than was point 17 at an earlier position.Therefore, as can be seen from Fig. 4, the point 32 may be placed on anextension 37 of base leg 16 in a direction away from side 14. The plane10 may be extended to include the area 10a, accord.- ingly.

Now, it will be. seen that the pattern defined by point 32, forinstance, 32, 32c and 32d, is sufficiently remote from the pattern ofpoint 17, as shown by 17, 17c and 17d so that overlap is obviated. Inother respects, the showing of Fig. 4 is similar to that of Fig. 3.

The two-to-one ratio demonstrated above may be varied, as desired, byshifting the apex point 17 to an appropriate location between base 20and side 14. Referring now to Fig. 5, it is assumed that base leg 16 oftriangle 13 may be as long as plane base 20 or shorter than said base,as shown. In this instance, base leg 16 is shown as two units long andthe ends thereof will fall at the intersections of divider lines 26 and30 with base 20.

If it is desired that apex point 17 move in the ratio ofthree-quarters-to-two of any point on base leg 16, threequarters of aunit is measured between divider lines 26 and 30 and the point 17 isplaced on such line 38 where the same intersects divider line 31. Thetriangles 12 and 13 that are formed by extending sides 33-34 and 35--36through point 17 from the ends of base leg 16 to and through edge 14 ofplane will be unequal, but pro portional. With this ratio setting oftwo-to-three-quarters, the point 17 will move three-quarters of a unitfor each two units of movement of point 32.

Inspection of the dash-line position of triangles 12 and 13 will showthat line 39 between initial point 17 and new point 17c, and line 40between initial point 32 and new point 32e, are in athree-quarters-to-two ratio.

From the foregoing, it will be realized that any desired ratio ofmovement may be obtained. Also, it will be clear that the base line fortriangle 12 may be longer than base line 16 for triangle 13, therebyenabling ratios that approach one-to-one.

For the purposes of this disclosure, the edge 14 may be defined as areducing scale, the base 20 as an enlarging scale, the point as avanishing point, the point 17 as a reducing point, the point 32 as anenlarging point, and the triangle 11 as a perspective triangle.

Reference is now made to Figs. 1 and 2, wherein a duplicator embodyingthe principles of analytical geometry above set forth is illustrated.

The areas 110 and 110a are shown as a board comparable to planes 10 and10a. In this instance, said board is provided with side rails or theequivalent 50, the same extending between the reducing scale 114 and theenlarging scale 120 at opposite ends of the board.

The board mounts a pair of similar carriages 51 that ride the rails 50as by means of rollers 52 Said carriages slidingly mount a platform 53that is the counterpart of base leg 16, said platform being maintainedtransverse by the carriages 51 and guided for transverse movement byrollers 54. A longitudinal slot 55 is provided in said platform.

In the present device, the bar 133 is the counterpart of triangle legs3334 and the bar 135 is the counterpart of legs 3536. Each said bar isprovided with a longitudinal slot 56. Said bars 133 and 135 arepivotally joined at 57 and 58, respectively, to platform 53, the samethereby including the equivalent of base leg 16 therebetween. In thisinstance, the platform is shown with an extension 137 on which ismounted tracing point 132, the counterpart of point 32.

The bars 133 and 135 are slidingly connected at 117 (comparable to point17) and the same are slidingly connected to the reducing scale 114, asat respective adjustable points 59 and 60.

It will be seen that platform 53 and bars 133 and 135 are provided withexcess length so that any desired ratio adjustment within the range ofthe board area may be made, so that a pictorial representation 61 may beduplicated at 62 in any desired ratio.

Since points 117 and 59 and 60 are sliding ones, the present deviceincludes means to keep the reducing point 63 in place, said latter pointbeing provided on a guide bar 64 that is pivoted at the vanishing point15 and connects with the pivot 117. By providing an endless elastic band65 that through the medium of an adjusted fixed point 67 over which saidband is trained, opposed resilient 4 forces are produced on spacedpoints 66 and 67 of said guide bar 64, the reducing point 63 thereof isbetter controlled.

The pin 67 can be fixed at any point along the slot in bar 64 to adjustthe tension of the elastic band 65. Motion of the bar 64 and the pin 67is proportional to the motion of the reducing point 63 when the pin 67is set equidistant or the same distance from point 15 as from point 66.But, since the point 67 is located on the opposite side of the slidingpivotal clamp 15, the motion is reversed but the same causes anequalized tension to be exerted against the reducing point when it ismoved to different positions. The bar 64 is slidingly pivotal at thepoint 15 and points 66 and 67 are fixed on bar 64. The pin 67 isadjustable to reduce or increase the tension on the elastic band points66 and 67 which are always equidistant regardless of the position of thereducing point 63 with respect to the area 62. Changes in the positionof point 63 causes variations in the parallelogram shape of the elasticband, but the tension remains approximately the same and holds the point66 to the crotch where the arms 133 and 135 cross and always toward thepoint 15 of the base leg 14. This is due to the fact that the tension isdirected in a straight line along the points 66, 15, and 67.

The point or pin 66 is used to hold the elastic band 65 on guidebar-supporting-reducing point 63. The purpose of the elastic band is notfor balancing the reducing point but rather to hold the reducing pointin position where the arms 133 and 135 intersect, and, when the elasticband is properly adjusted, it will hold all the moving assembly in asteady rather than a loose or wavering position, thus permitting theoperator to trace a drawing with desired accuracy.

The scales 114 and may be marked as finely or as coarsely as desired.Desired power advantage will dictate whether the settings of the machinewill be based on the full width of the board or on a narrower width (seeFig. 5).

While the foregoing has illustrated and described what are nowcontemplated to be the best modes of carrying out my invention, theconstructions are, of course, subject to modification without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the invention. It is, therefore, notdesired to restrict the invention to the particular forms ofconstruction illustrated and described, but to cover all modificationsthat may fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim and desire to secure byLetters Patent is:

l. A reproducing device comprising a plane rectangular board, carriageson opposite edges of said board to move therealong, a transverse membermounted to slide between said carriages transversely to the direction ofmotion of said carriages relative to the plane board and movable alongsaid surface during the mentioned movement of the carriages, a pair ofsimilar arms pivotally connected to spaced points of the transversemember and in crossed relationship to define a triangle having its threecorners at the point of such crossing and the mentioned pivotconnections, a pivot at said point of crossing and slidable along eachof said arms, said arms having extensions beyond said pivot, a slidingpivotal connection between each extension and an edge of said board thatspans between the two mentioned edges, and a tracer point at the crossedconnection between the arms and a tracer point fixedly carried by thetransverse member and movable in all directions in the plane of theboard while the pivotal connections of the extensions with the edge ofsaid board slide to proportionally move the tracer point at the crossedconnection of the arms in the same direction.

2. A reproducing device comprising a plane rectangular board, carriageson opposite edges of said board to move therealo-ng, a transverse membermounted to slide between said carriages transversely to the direction ofmotion of said carriages relative to the plane board and movable alongsaid surface during the mentioned movement of the carriages, a pair ofsimilar arms pivotally connected to spaced points of the transversemember and in crossed relationship to define a triangle having its threecorners at the point of such crossing and the mentioned pivotconnections, a pivot at said point of crossing and slidable along eachof said arms, said arms having extensions beyond said pivot, a slidingpivotal connection between each extension and an edge of said board thatspans between the two mentioned edges, and a tracer point at the crossedconnection between the arms and a tracer point fixedly carried by thetransverse member and movable in all directions in the plane of theboard while the pivotal connections of the extensions with the edge ofsaid board slide to proportionally move the tracer point at the crossedconnection of the arms in the same direction, said arm extensions andthe board edge between the last-mentioned pivotal connections defining atriangle proportional to the previously mentioned triangle, and meanscarried by the plane board to guide the placement of the pivotalconnections for the arm extensions and, thereby, to provide the desiredproportion between said two triangles.

3. A reproducing device according to claim 1 in which the mentionedboard is provided with a scale along an edge that is opposite to theedge with which the arm extensions are connected, the scale beingcentered between the board edges to guide the location of the arm pivotson the transverse member when the latter is centered with respect tosaid board edges.

4. A reproducing device according to claim 2 in which the last-mentionedmeans comprises a triangular representation on said board, the angles ofthe same being disposed at the corners where the side edges of the boardmeet the edge thereof that is opposite the edge where the arm extensionsare connected and at the middle of the latter edge.

5. A reproducing device according to claim 1 in which means engaged withthe arms at the point of crossing thereof is provided for maintaininguniformity of tension on the sliding pivotal connection where the armsare crossed.

6. A reproducing device according to claim 1 in which means is providedfor maintaining uniformity of tension on the sliding pivotal connectionwhere the arms are crossed, said means comprising a slotted guide barhaving sliding pivotal connection with said board and pivotal connectionwith the two arms where the latter cross, and elastic means encirclingtwo spaced points of said guide bar and transversely spaced points onthe board and biasing the guide bar to a balanced position relative tothe crossed arms.

7. A reproducing device according to claim 2 in which means engaged withthe arms at the point of crossing thereof is provided for maintaininguniformity of tension on the sliding pivotal connection where the armsare crossed.

8. A reproducing device according to claim 2 in which means is providedfor maintaining uniformity of tension on the sliding pivotal connectionwhere the arms are crossed, said means comprising a slotted guide barhaving sliding pivotal connection with said board and pivotal connectionwith the two arms where the latter cross, and elastic means encirclingtwo spaced points of said guide bar and transversely spaced points onthe board and biasing the guide bar to a balanced position relative tothe crossed arms.

9. A reproducing device comprising a pair of crossed arms, a memberhaving a pivotal connection with one end of each arm, a rectangular baseboard having sliding pivotal connection with portions of said arms thatare intermediate the opposite ends of the arms and the point of crossingof said arms, a sliding pivotal connection where the arms cross, meansto guide said member for universal movement over the surface of the baseboard and to retain the member parallel to the opposite ends of saidboard, said sliding connection and the cross pivotal connectionadjusting according to the position of the member, the triangles definedby said arms, member and board being proportional, a tracer pointfixedly carried by the member, and a tracer point carried at thecrossing of the arms, said tracer points moving in a ratio that conformsto the proportions of said triangles.

10. A reproducing device according to claim 9 in which the oppositesides of the board are provided with guides, carriages are mounted tomove along said guides, and the carriages are provided with means toguide said member for movement transversely to the movement of thecarriages.

11. A reproducing device comprising a plane board provided with oppositeparallel side edges, a carriage engaged with each said edge and movabletherealong, each carriage being provided with guide means, a transversemember engaged between the guide means of the two carriages andextending transversely to and beyond the side edges of the plane boardand movable in said guide means transversely to said edges, a pair ofsimilar longitudinally slotted arms pivotally connected at one of theirends to spaced points of said transverse member and in crossedrelationship to define a triangle having its three corners at the pointof said crossing and the mentioned pivotal connections with thetransverse member, a sliding pivot at the point of crossing of said pairof arms and passing through the slots in each arm, extensions on saidarms beyond said sliding pivotal connection, a sliding pivot connectingeach arm extension and a transverse edge of said board that spansbetween the mentioned side edges, and the mentioned sliding pivotbetween said arms extending through the slots in the arms where the samecross, a slotted bar having one end connected to said sliding pivotalconnection between the arms and extending in the angle defined betweenthe arm extensions in a direction toward and beyond the mentionedtransverse edge, a projection carried by said slotted member and engagedwith the crotch defined between the mentioned crossed pair of arms, alongitudinally spaced and adjustable member on said slotted bar, amember encircling the mentioned projection on the bar and the adjustablemember thereof and transversely spaced points on the board to bias thementioned projection into the crotch of the crossed arms, a tracingpoint on the transversely movable member and a tracing point on thementioned slotted bar, both points being movable universally over theboard in proportion to the relative size of the mentioned triangle andthe triangle defined within said crossed point of the crossed arms andthe points where said arm extensions pass over the transverse edge ofthe plane board.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS476,186 Clegg May 31, 1892 532,680 Merl Jan. 15, 1895 725,654 Barr Apr.21, 1903 906,604 Bechtold Dec. 15, 1908 1,605,979 Pacioni Nov. 9, 19261,713,025 Castleman May 14, 1929 1,918,216 Sachtleber July 11, 1933

